python - Generating 3D graphic by PyOpenGL -

i'm using pyopengl generate 3d sea surface according "2d wave equation". main purpose show dynamic graphic of "2d wave equation".but keeps telling me error:

e:\winpython-64bit-3.4.3.5\python-3.4.3.amd64\mytest>python seawave_2d_opengl.py traceback (most recent call last):   file "e:\winpython-64bit-3.4.3.5\python-3.4.3.amd64\lib\site-packages\opengl\glut\ special.py", line 130, in safecall     return function( *args, **named )   file "seawave_2d_opengl.py", line 106, in draw     glvertex3f(x,y,z)   file "e:\winpython-64bit-3.4.3.5\python-3.4.3.amd64\lib\site-packages\opengl\p latform\baseplatform.py", line 402, in __call__     return self( *args, **named ) ctypes.argumenterror: argument 3: <class 'typeerror'>: wrong type glut display callback <function draw @ 0x0000000004086950> (),{} failed: r eturning none argument 3: <class 'typeerror'>: wrong type  e:\winpython-64bit-3.4.3.5\python-3.4.3.amd64\mytest> 

here code:

from numpy import linspace,zeros,sin,pi,exp,sqrt opengl.gl import * opengl.glu import * opengl.glut import * import sys  def solver0(i, f, c, bc, lx, ly, nx, ny, dt, tstop, user_action=none):     dx = lx/float(nx)     dy = ly/float(ny)     x = linspace(0, lx, nx+1)  #grid points in x dir     y = linspace(0, ly, ny+1)  #grid points in y dir     if dt <= 0:                #max time step?         dt = (1/float(c))*(1/sqrt(1/dx**2 + 1/dy**2))     cx2 = (c*dt/dx)**2     cy2 = (c*dt/dy)**2  #help variables     dt2 = dt**2      = zeros((nx+1,ny+1))  #solution array     u = up.copy()            #solution @ t-dt     um = up.copy()           #solution @ t-2*dt      #set initial condition:     t =0.0     in range(0,nx):         j in range(0,ny):             u[i,j] = i(x[i], y[j])     in range(1,nx-1):         j in range(1,ny-1):             um[i,j] = u[i,j] + \                       0.5*cx2*(u[i-1,j] - 2*u[i,j] + u[i+1,j]) + \                       0.5*cy2*(u[i,j-1] - 2*u[i,j] + u[i,j+1]) + \                       dt2*f(x[i], y[j], t)     #boundary values of um (equals t=dt when du/dt=0)     = 0     j in range(0,ny): um[i,j] = bc(x[i], y[j], t+dt)     j = 0     in range(0,nx): um[i,j] = bc(x[i], y[j], t+dt)     = nx     j in range(0,ny): um[i,j] = bc(x[i], y[j], t+dt)     j = ny     in range(0,nx): um[i,j] = bc(x[i], y[j], t+dt)      if user_action not none:         user_action(u, x, y, t)   #allow user plot etc.      while t <= tstop:         t_old = t         t += dt          #update inner points:         in range(1,nx-1):             j in range(1,ny-1):                 up[i,j] = -um[i,j] + 2*u[i,j] + \                           cx2*(u[i-1,j] - 2*u[i,j] + u[i+1,j]) + \                           cy2*(u[i,j-1] - 2*u[i,j] + u[i,j+1]) + \                           dt2*f(x[i], y[j], t_old)          #insert boundary conditions:         = 0         j in range(0,ny): up[i,j] = bc(x[i], y[j], t)         j = 0         in range(0,nx): up[i,j] = bc(x[i], y[j], t)         = nx         j in range(0,ny): up[i,j] = bc(x[i], y[j], t)         j = ny         in range(0,nx): up[i,j] = bc(x[i], y[j], t)          if user_action not none:             user_action(up, x, y, t)          um, u, = u, up, um  #update data structures     return u  #dt might computed in function #actually,the book wrote `return dt`,but changed `dt` `u` def i(x, y):     return exp(-(x-lx/2.0)**2/2.0 -(y-ly/2.0)**2/2.0) def f(x, y, t):     return sin(2*x*y*pi*t/lx)  #defined myself def bc(x, y, t):     return 0.0 #these 3 functions basic functions related first function "solver0"  lx = 10 ly = 10 c = 1.0 dt = 0 nx = 40 ny = 40 tstop = 20  #the following part generate 3d graphics,where must make mistakes: def init():     glclearcolor(1.0,1.0,1.0,0.0)    def draw():     glclear(gl_color_buffer_bit)     glcolor3f(0,0,1.0)     glbegin(gl_lines)        t in range(0,20,1):         z = solver0(i, f, c, bc, lx, ly, nx, ny, dt, t, user_action=none)         glvertex3f(x,y,z)   #x , y cannot used here because not defined global variables.     glend()     glflush    def update():     global t     t += 0.1     glutpostredisplay()   def main():         glutinit(sys.argv)     glutinitdisplaymode(glut_single | glut_rgba)     glutinitwindowsize(800,600)     glutinitwindowposition(100,50)     glutcreatewindow("2d wave equations".encode("cp932"))     init()     glutdisplayfunc(draw)     glutidlefunc(update)     glutmainloop()     main() 

what mistake did made? can me of this? :(

as can guess stacktrace, 1 of arguments (the third?!?) in glvertex3f(x,y,z) has wrong type. discussion in comments made clear z 2 dimensional ndarray while glvertex3f() expects scalars. looks solver0() computes array of z values instead of 1 z-value per call.

edit sort of understand solver0() does. function should documented in book printed in. although stackoverflow not meant give interpretations of copy , paste code, i'll give little overview of think function does:

1. lx , ly give range of x , y
2. nx , ny give number of x , y value between 0 , lx, ly used.
3. the function computes array of x , y values @ wich z-value (up) computed.
4. it computes up several time values 0 tstop step width dt.
5. if user function user_action given, called after up computed. userfunction called up, x, y, t arguments.

to sum things up: 1 call of solver0 computes x, y, , z values given range of x , y value , given time span given resolution.